Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

In all honesty I did not hear the term Post Traumatic Stress Dis aim (PTSD) until whatsoever time after I re-deployed from Iraq in mid August 2003. Surely the term had been around long before them, but it wasnt commonly apply acronym in the military. I didnt abide nearly the frequent use that is has in todays Army. Nowadays, everything a spend does is associated with PTSD even if the spend has not been diagnosed with it it has become such a ill-used word that from what I can see everyone is try to jump on the band wagon. So if Soldier is late for my formation, the first thing he says is, I must have PTSD or something, I need to get check out, rise up the whole time I am thinking the Soldier just didnt want to get up this morning, he doesnt have PTSD. So I can understand how the screening for PTSD may be a bit diluted as everyone thinks they have it, even those who are raw recruits and have never even been to combat. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or trial by ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat (National Institute of Mental Health, 2011). Although not all individuals who have been traumatized develop PTSD, there can be significant physical consequences of being traumatized. For example, query indicates that people who have been exposed to an extreme stressor sometimes have a smaller hippocampus, the region of brain that plays a role in memory, than people who have not been exposed to trauma (MedicineNet, 2011).Often family member those diagnosed with PTSD find themselves often feeling hurt, alienated, or discouraged because the patient has yet to overcome the ordeal of this trauma (Hall, 2008, p. 226). The additional stressors that families face by their uniformed Soldier going to war is both p hysical and emotionally draining, however, they must understand in order for the Soldier to be effective, they must be able to cope with the warrior culture and warfare associated with the 21st century (Hall, 2008, p. 227). When a family member goes to war, the impact on those unexpended at home can be challenging.

Psychological Problem Associated with Cerebral Palsy :: Health, Medical Research, Stress, Depression

Psychological Problems Associated with Cerebral PalsyCerebral Palsy is a condition that limits physical abilities. This disability strickles about one child in every five hundred children (Micheksen 405). Cerebral Palsy is mostly known to affect children by severe motor impairment, however this disorder can affect a person in a mental way too. A cross-sectional European Study was done by a group of football team people focusing on the psychological impact of children with cerebral palsy (Michelsen 406) Eight hundred and eighteen children between the terms of eight and twelve were involved. The main aim of the SPARCLE study was to investigate if cerebral palsy relates to psychological and behavioral problems. A strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) was used as one way to detect emotional and behavioral abnormalities (Michelsen 406). on with an Impact Score (IS) that was based on questions completed by family members answering a total of twenty-five questions. The total f rom the Impact Score was then computed to dress if the childs behavior was abnormal or not (Michelsen 406). The results of the SDF showed that more than twenty-five percent of children participating showed abnormal results (Michelsen 410). It also showed that children with milder cerebral palsy had higher(prenominal) behavioral difficulties in comparison to children with more severe cases. The reason being that severe cerebral palsy prevents certain behaviors, such as fighting or cheating (Michelsen 410). The parental impact score survey showed that almost half of all participants agreed that their child consumeed difficulties. When asked how often the family was affected by the childs cerebral palsy forty-two percent answered, Quite a lot (Michelsen 409). Another forty percent of parents believe their child struggles with behavior and communication skills among children their age in school (Michelsen 410). The findings from the SDQ and SI tests determined that a significant numb er of children with cerebral palsy suffer abnormal behaviors. This study indicates that children with cerebral palsy suffer from psychological and behavior problems when trying to communicate mostly with family and peers. Based on a research done in the Netherlands self-perception, and over-all satisfaction was tested for relevance to psychological problems due to cerebral palsy. One hundred and ten children whose age were nine, eleven, and thirteen took place in this study (Schuengel 1252) Once again the children with cerebral palsy took self-assessment surveys that include subjects such as, physical performance, appearance, and if they were satisfied with their overall abilities (Schuengel 1253).

Sleeping Beautys Castle Essay -- Compare Contrast Castles Architectur

Sleeping Beautys CastleThe past has a great influence on present culture. However ideas and themes of the past goat change with time. This is true with the ideas associated with the gallant fortress. These castles, which once served as a military fortress as well as a residence, are now a great deal associated with the fantastical, popular images people can have of the middle ages. Sleeping Beautys castle at Disneyland is a good example because it represents an idea to many people of what a medieval castle may have looked like. However the Disney castle is not an exact representation of a medieval castle. The differences in style and architecture mingled with the Sleeping Beauty Castle and a medieval castle reflect each castles varying functions and result in different impressions associated with each castle. Sleeping Beautys castle is located at the Disneyland amusement park in Anaheim, California. The castle was opened in April 1957, roughly two years after Disneyland itself opened. Since its opening, the castle has become a major attraction at the park. It is often shown in advertisements for Disneyland and appears on its movie logo. The castle stands in the center of the park, at the end of Disneylands Main Street. It is also immediately aligned with the front entrance of the park. The exterior of the castle is the main emphasis of the attraction. It represents the medieval castle where Sleeping Beauty was born. The numerous towers and passs that make up the castle are inaccessible. They are only part of the castles decoration. Visitors to the castle will find that they cannot ascend into any of these towers and can only walk straight through the castle. The walkway through castle displays a diorama of Sleeping Beautys life... ...types. The more knowledge that is known about medieval castle, the more apparent it is that his castle is an exaggerated edition that is aimed more at expressing the magical and fantastical qualities that modern society as sociates with the middle ages than at giving a true historical representation of a medieval castle. Works Cited1. Hughes, James. Military Architecture. New York St. Martins Press, 19742. Levron, Jacques. The Royal Chateaux of the Ile de France. New York Rand McNally & Company, 1965. 3. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York Prentice Hall, inc., and Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1995.4. Architecture. cosmea Book Encyclopedia. Chicago World Book Inc., 1986.5. Castles. World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago World Book Inc., 1986.6. Middle Ages. World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago World Book Inc., 1986.

Insanity in The Yellow Wallpaper by Gillman and Fruit at the Bottom of

Describe an important experience that happened to a person or causa in all(prenominal) text. Explain how this experience affected each person or character.Imagine being kept in a room for months on end, with nothing to do barely st are at the cover. Or cleaning a house till it is entirely spotless, in order to eliminate your prints from a murder scene. These events are experienced by the female narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillman and Mr William Acton, in The Fruit at the cigarette of the curlicue, by prick Bradbury. Both characters descend into complete madness after experiencing these predicaments. The narrator of ?The Yellow Wallpaper? is a woman who has just given receive and has developed post-natal depression. Because of this, her hubby John who is a ?physician of high standing? tells her she must bide in a room in a compound mansion and is ? require to ?work? until she is well again.? The woman has a feeling the house is haunted even though she is impressed that they are going to stay in such a place for their summer holiday. Once in the room, she notices the paper, which is a horrible yellow colour. Day by day she becomes more ghost about this wallpaper and sticks to see women in the pattern. After asking her husband for consent to leave the room, he refuses and she becomes engulfed by the wallpaper, spending every moment inspecting it. On the day she is delinquent to leave she locks herself in the room and tears the wallpaper off, in order to free the woman inside. This leads her to believe that she is one of the women who has lamd the wallpaper and circles the room claiming ?I?ve got out at last?The experience of being locked in a room, against her desire drove her to complete and utter mad... ...Acton both begin completely fair but become worse as a result of circumstance. They are driven to behaving the way they do because of the way they are handle by otherwise mountain. The both characters hallucinate and visualise objects that aren?t actually real. One difference is Acton becomes haywire as a result of his own actions but the narrator becomes crazy as a result of actions by others who take control of her fate. In the two texts ?The Yellow Wallpaper? and ?The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl?, two lives are destroyed by circumstance and the relationships they have with others. By the end of the stories the reader is left knowing that the woman could not escape her husband?s control and Acton could not escape the fact that he had murdered somebody. Such insignificant things, a fingerprint and wallpaper, can have the ability to drive people towards insanity. Insanity in The Yellow Wallpaper by Gillman and Fruit at the Bottom of Describe an important experience that happened to a person or character in each text. Explain how this experience affected each person or character.Imagine being kept in a room for months on end, with nothing to do but stare at the wallpaper . Or cleaning a house till it is entirely spotless, in order to eliminate your prints from a murder scene. These events are experienced by the female narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillman and Mr William Acton, in The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl, by Ray Bradbury. Both characters descend into complete madness after experiencing these predicaments. The narrator of ?The Yellow Wallpaper? is a woman who has just given birth and has developed post-natal depression. Because of this, her husband John who is a ?physician of high standing? tells her she must stay in a room in a colonial mansion and is ?forbidden to ?work? until she is well again.? The woman has a feeling the house is haunted even though she is impressed that they are going to stay in such a place for their summer holiday. Once in the room, she notices the wallpaper, which is a horrible yellow colour. Day by day she becomes more obsessed about this wallpaper and begins to see women in the pattern. After asking her husband for consent to leave the room, he refuses and she becomes engulfed by the wallpaper, spending every moment inspecting it. On the day she is due to leave she locks herself in the room and tears the wallpaper off, in order to free the woman inside. This leads her to believe that she is one of the women who has escaped the wallpaper and circles the room claiming ?I?ve got out at last?The experience of being locked in a room, against her desire drove her to complete and utter mad... ...Acton both begin completely sane but become worse as a result of circumstance. They are driven to behaving the way they do because of the way they are treated by other people. The two characters hallucinate and visualise objects that aren?t actually real. One difference is Acton becomes crazy as a result of his own actions but the narrator becomes crazy as a result of actions by others who take control of her fate. In the two texts ?The Yellow Wallpaper? and ?The Fruit at the Bot tom of the Bowl?, two lives are destroyed by circumstance and the relationships they have with others. By the end of the stories the reader is left knowing that the woman could not escape her husband?s control and Acton could not escape the fact that he had murdered somebody. Such insignificant things, a fingerprint and wallpaper, can have the capacity to drive people towards insanity.

Euthanasia :: Mercy Killing Death

A considerable size of society is in favor of euthanasia mostly because they feel that as a democratic country, we as freeindividuals, have the right to decide for ourselves whether or not it is our right to determine when to terminate someones life. The stronger and more widely held opinion is against euthanasia primarily because society feels that it is graven images task to determine when one of his creations time has come, and we as human beings are in no position to behave as god and end someones life. When humans take it upon themselves to shorten their lives or to have others to do it for them by withdrawing life-sustaining apparatus, they play god. They usurp the divine function, and interfere with the divine plan.Euthanasia is the practice of painlessly putting to death persons who have incurable, painful, or distressing diseases orhandicaps. It come from the Greek words for good and death, and is commonly called mercy killing. Voluntary euthanasia may occur when incurably ill persons ask their physician, friend or relative, to put them to death. The patients or their relatives may ask a doctor to withhold intercession and let them die. Many critics of the medical profession contend that too often doctors play god on operating tables and in recovery rooms. They argue that no doctor should be allowed to decide who lives and who dies.The issue of euthanasia is having a tremendous impact on medicine in the United States today. It was only in the 19thcentury that the word came to be used in the sense of speeding up the process of dying and the destruction of so-called useless lives. Today it is delimitate as the deliberate ending of life of a person suffering from an incurable disease. A distinction is made between positive, or active, and negative, or passive, euthanasia. positive degree euthanasia is the deliberate ending of life an action taken to cause death in a person. Negative euthanasia is defined as the withholding tax of life preserving pro cedures and treatments that would prolong the life of one who is incurably and terminally ill and couldnt survive without them. The word euthanasia becomes a respectable part of our vocabulary in a subtle way, via the phrase death with dignity.Tolerance of euthanasia is not limited to our own country. A court case in South Africa, s. v. Hatmann (1975), illustrates thissooner well.

Euthanasia :: Mercy Killing Death

A considerable size of society is in favor of Euthanasia mostly because they aroma that as a democratic country, we as freeindividuals, have the right to decide for ourselves whether or not it is our right to determine when to terminate someones life. The stronger and more widely held opinion is against Euthanasia primarily because society feels that it is gods task to determine when one of his creations time has come, and we as human beings are in no position to practice as god and end someones life. When humans take it upon themselves to shorten their lives or to have others to do it for them by withdrawing life-sustaining apparatus, they play god. They usurp the divine function, and throw in with the divine plan.Euthanasia is the practice of painlessly putting to death persons who have incurable, painful, or distressing diseases orhandicaps. It come from the Greek words for good and death, and is comm all called clemency killing. Voluntary euthanasia may occur when incurably ill persons ask their physician, friend or relative, to put them to death. The patients or their relatives may ask a fix to withhold treatment and let them die. Many critics of the medical profession contend that too often doctors play god on operating tables and in convalescence rooms. They argue that no doctor should be allowed to decide who lives and who dies.The issue of euthanasia is having a tremendous impact on medicine in the United States today. It was only in the nineteenthcentury that the word came to be used in the sense of speeding up the process of dying and the destruction of so-called visionary lives. Today it is specify as the deliberate ending of life of a person suffering from an incurable disease. A distinction is made between positive, or active, and negative, or passive, euthanasia. Positive euthanasia is the deliberate ending of life an action taken to cause death in a person. Negative euthanasia is defined as the withholding of life preserving procedures and treatments that would prolong the life of one who is incurably and terminally ill and couldnt survive without them. The word euthanasia becomes a respectable slice of our vocabulary in a subtle way, via the phrase death with dignity.Tolerance of euthanasia is not limited to our own country. A court case in South Africa, s. v. Hatmann (1975), illustrates thisquite well.

A Commentary on the Geranium by Theodore Roethke Essay

The poem The Geranium by Theodore Roethke tells the story of a bachelor, formerly a party animal, now a lonely, aging man, through a sustained metaphor which usances the verbalisers geranium as a symbol for the disregard of his own health. The plant is never well, nor is he, ascribable to the speaker being as inconsiderate to the geranium as he is to himself. With imagery, alliteration, and symbolism, much is learned about the speaker through a simple geranium to which he is intrinsically intertwined.We can go across right from the beginning with lines such as limp and bedraggled . . . / . . . like a sick poodle / Or a sere aster in late September, (2-4) that our speaker does not think very highly of himself nor his geranium. The descriptors give a pathetic, aging feel the comparison to a wizened aster is peculiarly potent. It suggest that like the flower, the speaker is no longer in bloom, so-to-speak. That his colour has faded, and he is past his prime.The themes of aging an d entering a new lifetime stage come up again in line 6 For a new routine . The caesura brings the reader to a halt its sudden and final nature is reminiscent of an ending. The words in the line itself debate a new beginning, which creates an interesting effect. This line could be representative of the end of the speakers youth and bachelorhood, as well as the beginning of a new point in his life. The act of taking the geranium out to the trash could also be symbolic of changing life stages placing it by the trash could be representative of the end of one cycle, and bringing it back could represent starting anew.In chase with the idea of starting anew, our speaker shows plans of lifestyle change he plans to change for the better and agrees that Sustenance seemed sensible (8) The alliteration here evokes a childlike, somewhat apologetic feel, as though the speaker is chiding himself for not remembering something that seemed so simple. The fact that the speaker managed to forget this in the early place could also indicate that he has let his health go in the past, which is further evidenced near the end of the stanza, where the speaker talks about living . . . on gin, bobbie pins, half-smoked cigars, deadened beer (10) as well as the consequences of such irresponsible actions he talks of being shriveled and dried out. Its clear both the speaker and his plant have suffered from such a way of living. It also seems to reveal the careless and somewhat incompetent nature of the speaker. After all, if you cant thence far take care of a plant, how can you take care of yourself?In the next stanza we get another glance into our speakers former life. He talks of . . .dumb dames shrieking half the night (16) as well as more mention of alcohol. The pieces of the speakers past we have received thus far can be put together to form the image of a reckless bachelor who gives no thought of tomorrow. With the current events of the poem, we can see how this lifestyle doe snt do much for our speaker now that tomorrow is here. In this stanza we also get to hear the narrator describe himself directly for the first time, but he still ties himself to the plant, showcasing how heavily interconnected he and the geranium are. The speaker says that they are both seedy, which is a rather interesting play on words due to the fact that it means sordid or shabby, or could be used in the context of plant seeds. The term acknowledges both the similarities and differences surrounded by the speaker and the geranium.In the third stanza and final two lines, the speakers maiden tosses the geranium in the trash which angers him so much he fires her. The actions of the maid would on the face of it hurt our speaker, seeing as the miserable, wilted geranium was his only friend. There is also the possibility that it was the cause of the actions of the maid that truly wounded the narrator that is was the fact that the maid saw something so analogous to himself as useless trash that drove him into enough of a rage to sack his maid. Thus the poem ends with the speaker no better off than he was in the beginning perhaps even worse, now that the maid has brought to light how worthless the speakers life really is.Even though plants and people are seen as self-sufficient organisms, The Geranium highlights that in order to truly blossom, care, compassion and companionship from another are required. Theodore Roethkes use of dreary, aged language and bland settings create a desolate atmosphere which provides the framework for the tale of a man who seems to have disregarded this until it was too late.

Electronic Payment System

unit of measurement 3 Electronic wagesment System Contents What is E-payment? Types of E-payment Systems Digital Token-based Electronic pay Systems refreshful taunts & Electronic remuneration Systems consultation entry notice-based Electronic Payment Systems Risk & Electronic Payment Systems conception Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? E-payment carcasss is the mechanism of agitatering currency everyplace the Internet and technology utilize in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as any transfer of fund initiated by an e-terminal, telephonic creature, or calculator or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to account or belief an account. It is mostly routined for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together move to use electronic data interchange (EDI) form to send each other bills and notices of payment. E-Payment training online offline $Products/services Advantages of E-Payment extend payment efficiency Reduce operation costs Enable trade in level-headeds and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments Payment can be do swiftly and remotely apply unhomogeneous devices Can be used for e-commerce / e-Trade For other purposes want paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study secular compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * big or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * kin cashboxing Retailing payments * realisation plug-in * Debit tease on-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system Electronic exchange Electronic checks Smart separate or debit wag * credit card-based payment systems Encrypted realization cards Third- subdivisiony authorization sums Main factors when selecting e-payment method Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) The consideration of size and guinea pi g of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to offer security against fraudulent activity Being cost effective for low value action tippytoes Being protective of the privacy of the users Easy to use, and being genial for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens ar the newfangled financial instruments which are in the kind of electronic cash/money or checks.Electronic tokens are resembling as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types 1. change or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid ( cause to be perceived cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid ( opinion/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2.Inefficient alter and settlement of non-cash dealing 3. Negative real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards It is negotiable Cash is a legal tender Cash is a bearer instrument It need require bank account to operate No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties Monetary value Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action E-cash based on cryptographical systems called digital signature This method involves pair of two numeral keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle) one for encoding and other for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept clandestine while the decoding key is make public. E-checks E-checks are another form of electronic tokens. A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a peculiarly formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same development as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http//www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http//cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee secretary e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof.Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Buyer must register with terce party account legion using electronic check. On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accountancy waiter for verification and payment. The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions by means of electronic clearing house. Advant ages of E-Check They work in the same way as traditional checks. E-checks are suited for little payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking return of the banking industry. Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are bribed, receive & processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments no cheques are issued.Smart cards A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded bit containing information about you. A smart card can store about degree Celsius times the amount of information that a magnetic pillage plastic card can store. A smart card contains private user information, much(prenominal) as financial facts, priva te encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation.Mondex Smart board Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) Developed by MasterCard internationalist Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or node to use card over Internet Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol Loaded through ATM ATM does not know transfer protocol connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card Disadvantages Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the misfortune of theft No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards cash is dispens ed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are fundamentally of two types 1. Relationship-based Smart tease 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Relationship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far recrudesce options like 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2.Offer various functions ( cash entre, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple lieu using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money preferably of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader monger machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the stay balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in invade stores.E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with mon ey . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the users account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant.Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card enlarge to the service provider twisting and the credit card organization will handle this payment. Online credit card payment has following categories 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) merchandiser (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchants Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction Worksencryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank relays the information to customers bank for authorization approval 5.The customers bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, cons umer register with third party on the meshwork to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are ( prime(prenominal) Virtual) http//www. fv. com http//www. openmarket. com http//www. 2checkout. com/ http//www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house.Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer pass on merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customers account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customers account no. for vender (merchant) & checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as yes/agree No/disagree fraud. 6.If OTPP gets Yes from customer, merchant is informed & then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first blade experience. Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchants payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards Many purchases they make will be micropayments. Credit cards cannot be used for large sums of B2B transactions Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems Security neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. Cost for merchants, about 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. People living in rural areas dont have same acces s to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive embrasure 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 8Electronic Payment SystemUNIT 3 Electronic Payment System Contents What is E-payment? Types of E-payment Systems Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems Smart Cards & Electronic Payment Systems Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems Risk & Electronic Payment Systems Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used i n this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. E-Payment Information online offline $Products/services Advantages of E-Payment Increase payment efficiency Reduce transaction costs Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for e-commerce / e-Trade For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesal e payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system Electronic cash Electronic checks Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems Encrypted credit cards Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity Being cost effective for low value transaction fees Being protective of the privacy of the users Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks.Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three t ypes 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2.Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negative real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards It is negotiable Cash is a legal tender Cash is a bearer instrument It need require bank account to operate No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties Monetary values Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action E-cash based on cryptographic systems called digital signature This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle) one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks E-checks are another form of electronic tokens. A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http//www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http//cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof.Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check They work in the same way as traditional checks. E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received & processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. In EFT transfer automatic w ithdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments no cheques are issued.Smart cards A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation.Mondex Smart Card Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) Developed by MasterCard International Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol Loaded through ATM ATM does not know transfer protocol connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card Disadvantages Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Relationship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2.Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores.E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the users account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant.Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their c redit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment. Online credit card payment has following categories 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchants Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction WorksEncryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3 , Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank relays the information to customers bank for authorization approval 5.The customers bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are ( First Virtual) http//www. fv. com http//www. openmarket. com http//www. 2checkout. com/ http//www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house.Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customers account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customers account no. for vender (merchant) & checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as yes/agree No/disagree fraud. 6.If OTPP gets Yes from customer, merchant is informed & then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchants payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards Many purchases they make will be micropayments. Credit cards cannot be used for large sums of B2B transactions Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems Security neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. Cost for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. People living in rural areas dont have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 8

Development from Birth to 19 Essay

personal- 0-3 Physical assumement from birth is usually very quick, within the first few weeks of being innate(p) a baby leave smile and run low responding to sounds and environments. Gradually their muscles low gear to develop and by 6 months they depart start reaching for and h hoarying objects. near the time a baby reaches one year they are set d sustainning to crawl, and female genitals roll from front to back. Using furniture to aid themselves in rest or using adult support to start taking some first steps. They are zero(prenominal) able to sit unaided.Hand eye coordination starts upward(a) as they pass objects betwixt both hands. Teeth whitethorn start to state and lots solid food lead be introduced to them. As they live towards the age of ii a child testament begin walking and using toys to push and pull while they are walking. Picking objects up in antithetic ways, building nonaged towers and starting to show a preference for one hand. Pointing at their choices and waving and using their head to tell you yes or no. Between 2 and third they will start making marks on paper and developing their finely motor skills. Gross motor skills will develop, kicking balls and throwing them.3-7 From three years gross motor skills will start advancing, such as jumping and running, stairs will let easier. They will crystalize more than independence. Fine motor skills will be easier and they bay window start to dress and undress themselves with a small amount of assistance. By the time a child observes to four girls and boys become slightly different. Boys gross motor skills will be developed further when it comes to throwing, catching, climbing pedalling etc, however for girls their fine motor skills will be more developed with use of scissors, pens/pencils and threading beads. When children reach the age of five they will mformer(a) more control with pencils, copying earn and shapes. Gross motor skills will write on developing and th ey are able to kick with an aim, engageing to hop on one leg and and so the other. By six children will start taking risks with jumping from h octonarys and will start riding bikes better as their sureness increases. They learn to do only iftons while dressing themselves and begin to learn laces.7-12 At s up to now years over-the-hill children can walk along a thin line with coat of arms out to the side for balance. They will start riding a bike two-whee conduct or possibly roller skates. Stamina will have change magnitude showing in some activities such as swimming and gymnastics. They start to assess their environment when running avoiding objects that are in their way. Catching becomes better, and may even use only one hand when doing so. They are more competent with their writing skills, incorporating colours with their drawings, such as green at the bottom of the summon for grass. Children aged eight and nine have a quicker reaction time and their body strength will hav e increased. They enjoy participating in sports and energetic games.They can control over small muscles and can draw and write with more skill and dexterity and start marrowing letters in their handwriting. At ten and eleven years girls and boys begin to differ again, girls experience puberty earlier than boys, generally girls are two years ahead of boys. carcass proportions become more like those of adults. Writing has become established and they will now have a writing style, usually with joined up letters. 12-19 Physical becomes very different in each child from the age of twelve upwards as they are now in adolescence. Boys and girls have a heroic difference. Boys will become bigger than girls, body shape will change, muscles will develop and body hair will grow. Strength and coordination will increase.Other changes that regain within puberty will start such as their voices getting deeper, testicles and scrotum will begin to grow. With Girls body shape will change and start t o rundle and become curvy. Their breasts will start to develop, menstruation will start however this can range from eight years until late teens, and the average age is just round thirteen. Some girls may become physically mature by the age of fifteen and close to their adult height, however some may still develop larger breasts and a fuller figure.Intellectual- 0-3 When a baby is born intellect is very simple by imitating and trying impertinent ways of behaviour. For example, imitating adults when source their mouth and sticking out their tongue. They start to make eye contact and recognise their primary carers and cry in expressive ways. Begin to sympathize the meanings of spoken vocabulary such as bye and mama. By the time they are turning nine months old they will render their daily routines and follow simple instructions. They will watch a toy be hidden and then look for it (object permanence) and also look in the correct direction for a falling toy.By one year old ch ildren will use the trial and error method to learn about objects. They understand simple instructions such as clap hands or wave bye. They will start to learn body parts and will point to them and refer to themselves by name. By two years children begin to understand the consequences of their knowledge actions and of those around them. They follow simple instructions and give empathy to other babies cry and try to provide comfort. wording will grow to about 1,000 words and will start to put phrases together.3-7 At three years old children are able to match two or three colours, following instructions will have gr let and are fascinated by cause and effect often asking wherefore. They have grasped the concept of one and lots. At four years old children will bawl out about things in the past and in the future, their stock skills have increased and can often confuse fact with fiction, they can give reasons and solve problems, and are able to sort objects into groups. By five year s old, a child can produce drawings with great detail, they become interested in reading and writing. By six years old, children think in a more co-ordinated way and can hold more than one point of view at a time. They are able to know the difference between man and fantasy but may still be frightened by supernatural characters. They develop concepts of quantity such as length, volume, capacity and weight. Cultural conventions curve their drawing and writing.7-12 At seven years old, children will start to become better with technology, using computers for simple word processing using the mouse and keyboard. They start to challenge themselves by using new materials for experiments. They enjoy learning mathematical and scientific concepts and can perform simple calculations in their heads and telling time. Children develop a logical way of thinking but are still limited compared to an adult. At eight and nine years old children have an increased perplexity span, they understand com plex sentences and are able to speak and express their ideas. They learn to plan ahead and evaluate what they do. At ten and eleven, they begin to devise memory strategies, they understand the motives behind the actions of another. Children may become curious about alcohol, tobacco and drugs and want to understand more about them.12-19 During adolescence teenagers become more responsible for their own thoughts, words and actions, they think about possibilities and their future, occupations and relationships etc. Teenagers form their unmarried identity with guidance from education, parents and peers. They think through hypotheses and by using their ability they think about situations that are contrary to fact. They use imagination when solving problems and they approach a problem with a systematic method.Communication and language-0-3 A childs language development usually begins within their first three months, babies will watch faces and mouths and try to copy other peoples movemen t and sounds. They will coo, gurgle and cry in expressive ways, they smile in response to speech. They laugh and vocalise with increasing tone and intensity. At around six months babies blither spontaneously, talk to themselves and squeal with delight. At nine months babies enjoy communicating with sounds, they understand and obey the command no. At the age of one, children will speak two to six or more recognisable words and show that they understand many more. At twelve months deaf babies stop babbling and begin to learn the special manual gestures of sign language.They start to learn a few body parts. At eighteen months the vocabulary grows to six to forty recognisable words and understand many more than that, using gestures alongside these words. Singing is enjoyable as well as listening to songs and rhymes. At two years old children speak over 200 words and learn new words rapidly, but can understand many more words than they can speak. Phases are used as telegraphic speech so me phrases can mean more than one thing. Naming things becomes fun and they spend a great destiny of time doing this. Why becomes a favourite word and questions are constantly being asked. As a child reaches three years old, they will join in and remember both words and actions to songs, speech progresses into longer sentences and can easily learn new words, names, places and so on.3-7 As children grow at three years old, if more than one language is being spoken around them they will learn more than one language. They can carry on conversations but often miss link words like the and is During their singing and speaking they will use pitch and tone. At four years old, children start to talk in past and in the future. They begin to recognise patterns in the way words are formed and apply these when talking however they are oblivious(predicate) that many common words have irregular forms, they may say I runned or I goed. Jokes and play on words become enjoyable. At five years old ch ildren will talk with a good knowledge of tense, using the past, present and future in conversation. They are fluent in speech and grammatically correct for the majority. Questions are asked about abstract words like beyond. Children at six years old gain confidence when they speak and remember and repeat songs and nursery rhymes. They may alternate between wanting stories read to them and reading books themselves.7-12 At seven years old children understand that words have more than one meaning. Expressing themselves becomes easier in speech and writing. They use compound and complex sentences, and can carry adult-like conversation. At eight and nine, children use and understand complex sentences, they are very verbal and enjoy making up and telling jokes. Spelling becomes understood, and using simple punctuation becomes consistent. They use writing for different purposes, for both imaginative and factual. They use books to find out answers, reading independently for long periods of time, sometimes using the help of adults. Through the ages of ten and eleven children can write moderately lengthy essays, to do this they may use dictionaries, school libraries or the help of an adult to gain the correct information. They will look at work they have done and try to correct punctuation and revising their own writing.12-19 During adolescents, language skills may still be developing, but with a more complex manner. They may start using sarcasm and wit the older they get. They will have a fast legitimate style of handwriting and will communicate in an adult manner, including increased maturity. Teenagers are able to process text talk and abstract meaning, understanding abstract language and the meaning, figurative language and metaphors.Emotional and Personal-0-3 From birth babies respond to adults especially their mother/fathers faces and voices.. At one years old children may show damage or separation anxiety. Objects such as blankets or teddies will be used for co mfort. They become emotionally liable, meaning that they are likely to have variant moods throughout the day. From two years old, children want to please adults and become much more independent, but frustration will show when they are unable to drop some tasks without the help of an adult resulting in tantrums. Jealousy begins to show when they are not receiving attention, sharing may become hard for some children, this can be with attention from adults or even some toys. Frustration is now shown more because of not being able to express themselves. Children may also show stack gather ups by restlessness or words.3-7 From three years old, children will begin to learn to share better with other children. They feel more ripe are able to cope in new surroundings and new adults for a longer period of time, but still need routine and social organisation to feel safe. They like to do more things independently and unaided. Affection is shown to siblings whether it be older or younger . Using the toilet independently and dry throughout the shadow but may still have accidents, although this may be different with each child. Fears may develop for example of the dark, this is because they are capable of pretending and imagining.At four years old children can eat skilfully with a spoon and a fork. Dressing themselves and doing things like brushing their teeth, washing and drying their hands can be done independently but still need help with buttons and laces. Children at five years old have definitive likes and dislikes, but may have small apparent logic, for example they may eat on food when it is only cut a certain way. From the age of six children begin to compare themselves with others around them, thinking that they are like others but in a different way. They carry out simple task and like to get rewarded for doing so, some people may use reward charts to do so.7-12 At seven years old children learn how to control their emotions, learning that they can keep th eir emotions to themselves and hide their true thoughts and feelings. Who they would like to be becomes thought about and can be critical of their own work. Children at eight and nine years old can easily be embarrassed, can be discouraged easily and take pride in their own competence. They can become argumentative and ascendant however can still be kind and approachable. The feelings and needs of others may not be fully understandable to them but they do begin to witness things from somebody elses point of view. Through the ages of ten and eleven, children have an increasing ability to understand the needs and opinions of others, developing a more defined individual personality. They can become gradually more self-conscious and are able to identify and describe what they are feeling to others. For girls especially those who start puberty archeozoic they may have sudden dramatic or emotional changes.12-19 As teenagers go through adolescents through the ages of twelve and sixteen they may feel misunderstood, they may become self-conscious or anxious about their physical appearance and often compare themselves to others, needing a great deal of reassurance. They may alternate between behaving like a child and behaving as an adult, this is because they will experience big emotional changes and may find them difficult to control. Recognition from peers becomes important to teenagers feeling the need to be accepted, this may influence their clothing styles and interests. Through sixteen and nineteen teenagers may begin to explore their own sexuality, they can start to question their own familys beliefs, values and attitudes and develop their own. Their peers have less influence on them as it becomes less important to them.Social and Behavioural-0-3 From Birth babies enjoy nutrition and cuddling. They enjoy the company of others and games like peek-a-boo become one of their favourites. They will become shy around others and look to their primary carer for comfor t and reassurance. They begin to show a particular temperament, they can be placid or excitable. At around six months babies become more wary of strangers and show distress when their mothers leave, they smile at familiar faces and strangers. From one year, children help with daily routines, such as getting washed and dressed, they enjoy socialising at meal times, trying to master alimentation themselves.. They may repeatedly throw objects on the floor during play or because of rejection. Playing by themselves contently but may prefer to be near a family member or familiar adult. At two years old children become curious about their environment and are eager to try new experiences, they like to play with other children but may not like sharing their toys.3-7 From three years old children can see things from someone elses point of view and family meal times become very enjoyable. They are willing to share their toys with their peers and begin to take turns when playing, it is interest ing to make friends and having them. They are more cooperative with adults and like to help them. At four years old children like to be independent and are strongly self-willed. They like to be with other children but often show sensitivity to others. When a child reaches five years old they are able to amuse themselves for longer periods of time, for example look at a book or watching a DVD, they show sympathy and comfort to friends who are hurt and are able to choose their own friends. At six years old children choose their friends from their personalities and interests, they hold long conversations with them naturally taking it in turns to speak and listen.7-12 Children from seven years old start to form close relationships mainly with those of the same sex as them, however adult help may be needed in resolving arguments. utterance up for themselves becomes easier for example when visiting people like the dentist or doctor. Around this age it is important for children to unders tand boundaries and why they are there. At eight and nine children make friends rather casually and may change quickly, the majority of friends are still the same sex as them but begin to show interest in the opposite sex.They start to join informal clubs formed by other children themselves but also like to join adult led groups like brownies or cubs, and start to show a sense of loyalty to these groups. Through the ages of ten and eleven children have stronger relationships with friends and usually have a stovepipe friend, the friendship will also last longer, these friendships will be formed on the basis of a mix of different shared interests and things that they have in common. Children fall into peer pressure and want to talk, dress and act like their friends, they prefer to spend time with friends and still continue to enjoy belonging to small groups of the same sex.12-19 During adolescents teenagers start to identify more with friends and the relationship with parents becomes weaker. Because of the emotional need of feeling accepted from their peers, friends influence their interests. Teenagers become more socially skilled and become better at resolving conflicts with others. As they reach the age of sixteen to nineteen relationships with parents become strong again as they can have much more of an adult relationship with them. Friends and others around them influence their behaviour less as they become less important to them.

Violent Video Games Cause Behavior Problems Essay

Video game fury is an increasing problem in todays ordering with force as unmatched of the most prevalent themes. Games much(prenominal) as Grand Theft Auto and Call of Duty are among the most popular games and baffle been scientifically proven to have a major effect on teens. Many mickle generate to argue that there is a difference in the effectuate between behaviors after lovely with scene games. Video games have the same effects as other forms of entertain manpowert, save other forms of entertainment do non get attacked like motion picture games because the other forms are much larger and have a much wider audience. Playing uncivilized video games throne alter mens nous function, cause teens to drive recklessly, and can contri scarcee to aggression. Many people disagree that violent video games cause behavior problems. It seems doubtful to some people that such violence and aggression can be caused from take aftering flickering pixels on a nineteen-inch tv scre en. In the scale of time, television has existed for less than a wink, and if it is then undoing what oral and print cultures have so laboriously built, then those traditions may be far briefer than advertised (Smith).Throughout mankinds history, from each one new means of expression has been castigated as the cause of evil in the world such as, books, art, and music (Smith). Some people even believe that violence is linked with aggressiveness and stress rather than with video game violence (Smith). Some may even say, If society could just put limits on X, society would have fewer problems with Y. That is not how life works. People who disagree that violent video games cause behavior problems believe that violence exist because people exist, but their logic is simply not enough (Smith). On the contrary, research on the troubling effects of video games is plentiful and persuasive. There is overwhelming evidence that witnessing and agreeable in video game violence is predictive of increases in aggressive behavior. In fact, the research on the effects of exposure to video game violence is in keeping with research conducted over the last half century about the effects on peoples behavior of watching television violence (Wendling).As video games come more engaging, society spends ever-increasing amounts of time playing them (Wendling). In the popular video game Grand Theft Auto, people have the power to solicit prostitutes and then kill them to get their money back, drive down the sidewalk of a virtual city mowing down pedestrians, reign around attackingpeople at random, and all sorts of other demented activities that would be tragic in real life (Wendling). These types of video games answer these circumstantial crimes seem okay. A recent study provides parents, physicians, and scientists with data proving that differences in brain function exist in teens that play violent video games, compared with those who do not (Wendling). Dr. Matthews and his colleague s at Indiana University, Indianapolis, randomly assigned the adolescents to play either Medal of Honor, a violent video game, or Need for Speed, an equally exciting but nonviolent video game, for thirty minutes immediately before imaging (Wendling).The group that played the nonviolent game showed more activation in the facade lobes, and the group that played the violent video game demonstrated less activation in the prefrontal lobes (Wendling). There have been numerous studies since the 1970s demonstrating that adolescents clear to violent media demonstrate aggressive behavior, but because the adolescents in this study were randomized into two similar groups, the findings go more directly to the question of causation than did earlier research (Wendling).Playing violent video games can alter mens brain function, cause teens to drive recklessly, and can contribute to aggression. There have been multiple studies to prove that playing violent video games can alter mens brain function . In one study, Dr. Matthews and his colleagues demonstrated the short-term effects of violent video games on brain functioning adolescents (Birk). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed decreased activity in areas of the brain involved in inhibition and attention after thirty minutes of game time (Birk). Dr. Matthews saw that there is a decrease in normal blood immix after a week of playing violent video games (Birk). Violent video games could also lead teens to drive recklessly. Some researchers conducted phone interviews with more than five-thousand teenagers over the course of four years (Correa). Ninety percent of the teenagers they interviewed responded that they were engaged in risky driving habits, including speeding, tailgating, weaving through traffic, and running red lights (Correa).It is clear that the video game exposure preceded the risky driving because the study began when the participants were playing video games but were too young to drive (Correa). Numerous racing videogames make it look cool to drive recklessly, which can cause a great impact on teens to drive in this manner. Lastly, video games can contribute to aggression. domesticate shootings, such as the infamous event at Columbine High School, have stimulated interested in research on the violence of boys and men (Levart). One focus, the effects of violent video games on aggression, has begun to yield some empirical results (Levart). Today, videogames are highly engaging and interactive, putting players in a first-person sight where they must make a decision to perform a violent act prior to performing the act (Levart). Effects of long-term exposure of violent video games include personality change and beliefs that aggression is an acceptable way to handle a problem (Levart). This may have something to do with the obvious that the clinical in most video games is to kill.Video game violence is an increasing problem in todays society with violence as one of the most po pular themes. Playing violent video games alters mens brain function, could cause teens to drive recklessly, and can contribute to aggression. Many people try to argue that there is a difference in the effects between behaviors after engaging with video games. To some, it seems doubtful that such violence and aggression can be caused from playing video games on a nineteen-inch television screen. There are others who totally disagree with that logic. People do not just watch video games, but they interact with them.Works CitedWendling, Patrice. Violent Video Games After Brain Functioning in Imaging Study. Clinical abnormal psychology News Jan. 2007 39. psychological science Collection. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.Birk, Susan. Playing Violent Video Games Alters Mens Brain Function From the Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America. Clinical Psychiatry News Jan. 2012 16. Psychology Collection. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.Correa Frances. Games Inspire Reckless Driving. Clinical Psychiatr y News Oct. 2012 28. Psychology Collection. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.Levart, Ronald F. and Kimberly D. Thomas. Does the Endorsement of Traditional Masculinity Ideology keep the Relationship between Exposure to Violent Video Games and Aggression? Clinical Psychiatry News Oct. 2012 20.1. Psychology Collection. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.Smith, Mark. Video game backlash? engineering science & Learning Nov. 2005 6. Psychology Collection. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.

Roles Responsibilities And Relationships In Lifelong Learning Education Essay

This assignment aims to analyze my voluntary ESOL Tutor function, duties and boundaries following with facets of statute law, advancing compare and diverseness in womb-to-tomb acquisition. Review points of referral legal profession my duties in relation to other professionals and explicate how to oust behavior and regard.Gravells writes that the function of a instructor is varied. Aside from learning he or she may lead oneself training, reding, preparation, measuring, mentoring, promoting and back uping prentices as and when necessary ( Gravells 2010, 8 ) and besides recommend instructors the learning rhythm activities including Identifying demands, Planning, Designing, Facilitating, Assessing, and Evaluating.Students, particularly grownups wo nt appreciate a hostile or nerve-racking surround they will go forth the class at the first java interruption I will take attention to fix the acquisition environs safe, secure, gratifying and guaranting it is suited and accessible for completely scholars, both physically and emotionally, adhering to the Health and Safety at Work Act ( 1974 ) . To maintain their attending, I need to proceed the right balance between the function theoretical bankers bill and the authorization figure in a manner that they feel respected and so have in mind me and puting land regulations helps everyone cognize their bounds ( Gravells 2008 ) . The instructor promotes to all scholars ethical and societal values, irrelevant of their coloring material, sex gender, nationality or cultural beginnings. When acquisition is the procedure whereby scholarship is created through the transmutation of experience ( David A. Kolb, 1984 ) , successful accomplishments are based on affecting and including scholars to show their point of position, collaborate and portion thoughts.Why are they making this class? What do they anticipate from it? What is their motive? As a individual matures the motive to larn is internal ( Knowles 198412 ) .Som e grownups will make further surveies for a societal intent and others as a personal or professional farmment. The construct of motive based on demands was developed in 1943 by Abraham Maslow. His surmisal defines that our endurance needs must be satisfied first ( A.Maslow, 1943 ) . After that we are motivated to make our high degrees of demands. In Maslow s hierarchy delineated as a pyramid are included five ends physiological demands, safety demands, love demands, esteem demands, and the demand for self-actualization. Using Maslow s theoretical account when learning we approach and understand scholars demands. It is of import to repoint the scholar s demands, so I can plan the class ( ESOL ) to reflect the single differences as societal ( how the scholar can interact with others ) , physical ( how a scholar can entree larning holding cut down mobility ) , rational ( how a scholar addition new accomplishments ) , cultural ( might impact values and beliefs ) , emotional ( abi lity to concentrate ) .Once the demands of the scholars have been identified I would be aft(prenominal) and plan the ESOL class stuffs and resources which meet the demands and the demands of the scholars, integrating a scope of relevant activities within the length of clip allocated to each Sessionss.Petty ( 2009 ) provinces, that scholar expect to be treated fair with no favoritism shown to any pupils. As a instructor I adhere to the Equality Act 2010 delivering or facilitating Sessionss to advance equality through inclusion of everyone, valuing diverseness utilizing distinction, avoid favoritism, and demo regard to all my scholars, whilst moving as a function theoretical account at all times. I will prosecute and actuate scholars, utilizing unfastened duologue to promote scholars to take part. I will be courageous and ambitious to make and develop effectual programs, clear purposes and aims and all records and paperwork up to day of the month and filled firmly, following with Da ta Protection Act ( 1998 ) .I will measure scholars reasonably utilizing multiple appraisals steps as written trials, unwritten interview, category presentation, function drama, fill in the clean trial, multiple pick tests, observation and reexamine their procession on an on-going footing, given them an accurate, concise feedback. This will assist me to find any single support required, to guarantee scholars education throughout the class. Their advancement and accomplishments can be recorded utilizing a scholar ILP or on a portfolio. After each session I would completeA a lesson rating ( study ) which includes strengths of the session and countries for development and betterments.As a instructor I make certain that all press releases, lesson programs, presentations and any other authorship I use, is spellchecked as any spell errors will reflect on the scholars I understand that as a demand, I must guarantee to hold the cognition and attributes suited for the teaching place being adaptative, effectual communicator, resourceful, empathic, compromising, confident, originative, dedicated, enthusiastic, flexible, patient, organised, professional, receptive, respectful, responsible, antiphonal, trusty, supportive and the instructor s ain uninterrupted professional development ( CPD ) , ( Gravells 2010,8 ) .Teachers must move in a professional mode, pinch about learning and larning, keeping professional relationships adhere to the regulations, ordinance and statute law, codifications of pattern, respect pupil s right to decline to unwrap sensitive education and maintain scholar s personal information confidential. Other functions of a instructor are to intercede with external organic structures, mentioning scholars for reding and non at last to advance behavior and regard. Our purpose is to handle another with regard, portion our duties, moving as a function theoretical account, working alongside with the constabulary, local governments, and households to gua rantee that dear(p) behavior and regard are promoted and everyone has the tools they need to stand against anti-social behavior.

City Of Manila.Background of a Smart Designed City Essay

The urban center of Manila has a population of 1.7 million people and is considered as cardinal of the most polluted cities in the world with notorious traffic congestions. The urban center of Adelaide is on the other hand one of the most liveable cities in the world, with a population of 1.2 million and practically no traffic jams at all. This paper comp ares these two cities in order to establish what manila can learn from Adelaide. The City of Manila is a relatively small city with a population of about 1.7 million people and an area of around 40 cheering kilometres. The city can thus be categorized amongst the overpopulated cities of the world (Townsend, 2013). Consequently, Manila has a genuinely high level of pollution and other challenges including traffic and poor drainage system that makes the sanitation very problematic.Background of a Smart Designed CityAdelaide is a south Australian city with a population that is stodgy to that of Manila at 1.3 million people. I nitially, this city suffered from high levels of pollution owing to its large population and the muscularity sources being used across the city. First, the transport direction today are highly effective reducing the traffic jams by 100% and the city is now considered as a twenty minute city owing to the ability to move from one place to another easily (Fajardo, 2011). The constraind traffic jams translate to reduced gas emissions, as do the subroutine of trees planted around schools, churches, parks, reserves, coastlines and transport corridors. These trees have managed to reduce the carbon emissions getting into the atmosphere thus making the city even cleaner. The city is planned very effectively in such a way that the transport systems are effective and diverse comprising of a South Eastern Freeway, Southern Express Way, the embrasure River Expressway and the Northern Expressway. This arrangement allows for effective transport across the metropolitan area thus making the city accessible without unnecessary congestions. The roads are also mostly very wide with multiple lanes to accommodate the growing number of vehicles in the city.The city has also cut down its use of fossil fuels in favour of renewable energy with a great inclination on solar energy. They have undertaken numerous campaigns to encourage the citizens to install solar panels on their rooftops, with over 200 schools having to depend on this clean energy for their supply needs. As such, the city is slowly turning to solar energy to sustain its energy needs (Henderson, 2002).From its initial planning in the days of the first settlers, the city was designed to have two green rings around the city square thus implementing the green city initiative right from its birth. As a result, they have over 3 million trees within the city and a hardly a(prenominal) parks and squares with a lot of trees as well. The green belt here is so extensive that it is rumoured that one can actually feel the fresh style in the city especially if they are from another part of the country or the world. These trees play a big role in keeping the city free of pollution as they mitigate from the effects of the unavoidable carbon emissions.Suggestions for Future Development and Lose Cost EstimatesIn order to reach up to Adelaides standards, the city of Milan has to undergo a number of transformations within its layout. First, the citys roads must be reconstructed to accommodate the traffic and reduce the traffic jams. This may cost as much as $100 billion seeing as there is a need for a have a go at it overhaul in the citys transport system. For efficiency, subways may also be found necessary especially seeing as Manila is in a developing country and thus the urban population is likely to keep growing.The green technology in terms of disruptioning to solar power as a main source of energy must also be considered seeing as the country currently depends on fossil fuels for their energy. This shif t should cost the government about $20 million in equipment and education programs about how to use them as well as their maintenance (Townsend, 2013). In doing this, the city will have cut down on pollution seeing as the dependence on fossil fuels is by far the most uncivilised human tendency.As for planting trees and creating a green city, it should be noted that the best trees in Manila can be sourced local anestheticly and should thus be relatively cheap. The challenge however would be the sensitization of the masses in order to gain their support and cooperation for maintenance of the trees. It can thus be estimated that the local government will need about $5 million for this project and with the cooperation of the citizens and the private sector the city should qualify for a smart city variety within approximately 30 years from the implementation date (Townsend, 2013). For this to happen however, the citys administration will have to obtain the support and cooperation of th e customary public and the private sector.ReferencesFajardo, B.K. (2011). Filipino crosscurrents. University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis, MN.Henderson, V. (2002). Urbanization in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(1), 89-112.Townsend, M.A. (2013). Smart cities big data, civic hackers, and the hobby for a new utopia. New York, NY W. W. Norton & Company.Source document

Ma in Management †Strategic Analysis Module Essay

SAA 1 Evaluating the Suitability of EasyJets dodgingEasyJets animated strategy toilet be characterised as funky price/low rank added (route 1 on the strategy clock) concentrating on Luton and Liverpool hubs (not the main UK airports) and targeting routes with little direct competition from other airlines (which builds up elements of access and vicissitude based positioning).EasyJet exploited the major environmental change that resulted from the initial liberalisation of the EU airline market. The attractiveness of this low bell strategic group inwardly the market has brought in youthful competitors (like BAs GO) so the industry social organisation is changing. EasyJets decision to buy new aircraft and decipherable new routes can be seen as an attempt to pre-emptively protect and build on their current position. The deals with Geneva airport and TEA also allow them to exploit an EU open skies agreement with Switzerland if finalised using the same strategic approach.The str ategy is largely continueing upon actual capabilities in operating a low price airline. Expanding the fleet of aircraft potentialityly offers cost efficiency advantages in terms of economies of scale and scope across a large number of routes. Standardising on new Boeing 737-300s and 737-700s should also help minimise operable costs as well as the purchase economies from the deal (discounts). Other parts of the value chain argon also consistent with this low cost approach headquarters at Luton rather than a more expensive location (although not mentioned in the illustration the HQ is pared down to a negligible to reduce overheads. Aircraft maintenance is also contracted out). As EasyJet is privately owned then the massive increase in gearing implied by the financing of new aircraft is perhaps less unattractive to investors than would be the case if the company was public.Ideally, it would be helpful to have more information on EasyJets current value chain and its capabilities to deliver the low cost approach. The big strategic issue to be resolved is the extent to which their current positioning is defensible if they start to expand with risks from competitor reaction, perhaps from airlines previously unaffected by their strategy and the capabilities of EasyJet to deliver the same strategic approach on five-times the scale.SAA 2 Evaluating the Acceptability of Easyjets strategyThe risks of the new strategy are related to the extent of expanding upon both strategically in terms of their ability to deliver on a bigger scale (a five-fold expansion of operations) and financially in terms of the impact of long-term gearing (loans from the banks). Their existing capabilities in this type of business (they were one of the first in Europe) and the potential use of equipment trust certificates to re-finance the purchase at a later date might help.There are few details about the potential returns in the illustration, but this seems to be an expanding sector i n which EasyJet already has an established position. It seems to make strategic sense in terms of both protecting their existing position and creating the potential to exploit new opportunities (Switzerland) but more information on projected passenger volumes and revenues would help in assessing both returns and risks (e.g. ROCE, NPV, payback and break-even).As a privately owned airline then the number of key stakeholders is at least reduced by not having shareholders, Stelios Haji-Ioannou is the owner and chief executive. However, the banks are going to be particularly interested in the company given their exposure in terms of gearing though they should be supportive providing the revenue flows increase as planned Given the leanness of the organisation then the employees are likely to have a strong input. Governments are likely to be supportive of EasyJets approach as it encourages competition though some may have closer ties to national flag carriers who are potential competito rs.SAA 3 Evaluating the Feasibility of EasyJets strategyEasyJet has built up experience as a successful low cost airline and the proposed strategy is an extension of existing capabilities. The cultural web of the organisation is also not likely to see major changes and create problems of managing implementation. The question is whether the system can be stretched into a five-fold expansion.The expansion into Switzerland, with the deals with Geneva airport and TEA, including the switch to Boeing 737s, would seem to be strategically sensible given the potential open skies agreement. The alliance, with an option to acquire TEA, should also offer synergies whilst cut the risks of further stretching the existing EasyJet system.Financing is a major issue for this strategy the cash flow for the aircraft deposit and long-term bank loans may designate adequate financial resources, but conclusions depend upon an examination of this part of the deal in terms of impact on the companys capit al structure (gearing) and cash flow projections. Given the banks have leant the money then some judgements can be implied but, in practice, this would be a critical part of the general strategy evaluation.

Practical Application of Statistics in Nursing Essay

Statistics is a fundamental part of human companionship. It is cognize to be the remove science of collection, interpretation, digest and presentation of info. It is a mathematical science that gathers and explains causal phenomenon or relationship, analyzes and presents measurements, collects and analyzes information foundation on factual sources and presents data as accurate as possible. As Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis (2002) put it, Statistics looks at ways of organizing, summarizing and describing quantifiable data, and methods of drawing inferences and generalizing upon them (p. 1).The practical application of statistics in nurse curriculum is important because nurses, like opposite medical professionals, deal with a variety of information that necessitate statistical treatment of the data. For example, on their everyday accept with patients, nurses need to apply statistics to calculate the average act of patients controld per day, week, month or year. Measuring the average number of patient examination would enable nurses to predict as to what month health consultation is at its peak. Without knowledge in statistics, nurses would be clueless on what to expect during the incoming month or season.Another example, when give medicine to the patient, nurses must be able to determine the time interval when a patient should pull in ones horns the prescribed medicine. Nurses, too, must be able to identify what percentage of the admitted patients ar carriers of transferable diseases, victims of chronic diseases and others. Moreover, application of statistics such(prenominal) as econometric statistical techniques is helpful in analyzing the cause-effect relationships of diseases and the severity of diseases through correlation and turnaround principles.History of Statistics natural covering in nurseThe demand for statistical literacy among nurses was brought by the suppuration importance of breast feeding researches which started on Florence Nig htingales Notes of nursing published in 1859. Nightingale was able to describe the factors that bear upon the performance of soldiers who were involved in the Crimean war. She was able to determine that other illness contracted off the line of products of war and caused un take ined wounds. Nightingales notes then became the basis for a review of what and how much come in of thrill the soldiers should live (Lipsey, 1993).Following Nightingales notes, nursing research became an important part of the nursing curriculum which led to the establishment of the American Journal of Nursing. This journal started to publish nursing research studies as early as 1930s. In 1970s, the focus of research was on the probe of nursing practice and the outcomes of nursing. This involve an in-depth knowledge of research design and statistical methods where clinical problems and issues related to nursing practices were subject to investigation. Uses of Statistics in NursingIn evaluating the use o f statistics in nursing, Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis (2002) identified two reasons why nurses need to be statistically equipped. maven of the reason is that statistical literacy is required if nurses are to read and evaluate critical and intelligent data, reports and other literary works related to managing health care. Another reason is that knowledge in statistics would help nurses whenever they would decide to undertake an investigation that includes the collection, processing, interpretation and analysis of data and reports on their own account.However, statistics have limitations it does not prove some(prenominal)thing, instead it presents the likelihood of the things to happen ground on the result of an investigation (Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis, 2002). Statistics and the Health tutorship Investigation Health Care investigation generally involves a five-stage process 1) identifying the problems and objective 2) planning 3) collection of data 4) interpretation and analys is of the data and 5) presenting and coverage the result of investigation. In doing health care investigation, the following methodologies are usually apply sample survey, clinical trials and epidemiological studies.Usually, getting a sample nation is needed to conduct such methodology. In statistics, state means a group or collection of individuals who are the subject of investigation. Variables entails the antithetic characteristics of individuals such as age, weight, height, number of heart beat, manifestation of symptoms and economic status which relate to the health train of individual. Since it is hard to get all the population to be involved in health care investigation, nurses may use smaller groups or sub-set who pass on represent the group as a whole. This group is known as sample.Each individual or unit in the sample can provide a data like measurement. This record is called an observation (Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis, 2002). For example, the nurse wanted to find out whether Generation Y babies (which is the sample unit) are malnourished or just on average weight. The nurse must frontmost identify the duration of the investigation, number of babies to be investigated, and the age and gender of the infants. This would be the variables. Observations would be based on the measurement of each sample infant included in the health investigation.Explanatory Nursing Studies and illative Statistics Researches which carry to explain the elucidate the relationship among the variables are more complex than other descriptive studies. Lines of query for this field of force are often based on establishing theories from other research literature. Example of questions could be be people born with mental disease more likely to survive Post Traumatic Syndrome disquiet than people with chronic diseases? Are chronically ill patients more likely to improved under the care of nursing home than on the care of their family?In explanatory study, are not being investigated based on the cause-effect relationship rather it attempt to understand how the given variables are related to each other. Thus, illative statistics are utilized to analyze or explanatory elucidate the relationship of the variables (Plichta and Garzon, 2009). Prediction and Control Nursing Studies and Statistics Statistics, like medicine, is too an important tool to prevent and control diseases. In prediction and control studies, nurses aim to determine which variables are able to determine causality and are predictive.Such studies are usually quasi-experimental whereas the tec is bound to introduce an intervention. Experimental designs involve random selection, an intervention, two different groups one group that receive an intervention and another group that do not receive an intervention and random assignment of the study participants to either the intervention or the control group. Like explanatory studies, prediction and control studies uses inferential statist ics to screen the data and provide answer to the research questions (Plichta and Garzon, 2009).The Statistical Analysis of Health DataWithout the use of statistics, it give be hard to identify which diseases or ill conditions are critical or not. On any instance, medical professionals, curiously the nurses, rely on the result of clinically proven studies on attending to the needs of their patients. Nurses need not only rely on doctors order besides also they need to be well equipped when dealing with patients. Most of the time, nurses are the primary person who attend to emergency situation. Thus, they should also be knowledgeable in analyzing their patients condition based on the medical variables related on the illness or disease being experienced by the patient.However, there are studies with mistakable topic but posses different results. For example, there are studies that prove the effectiveness of applying chemotherapy to cancer patients. On the other hand, there are stud ies that show how doctors negatively react on the use of chemotherapy to cure cancer patients. For nurses to ward off being trapped on ethical dilemmas, they must know how to critically analyze those studies that are of their concern, particularly those with statistical measurements. Research studies with statistical analysis of the data usually undertake three stages.First, the data should be cleaned. By cleaning the data, it means that all the variables in the study must have valid and operating(a) determine. Running frequencies and examining these frequencies must be done for the researcher to be able to identify the valid values, the substance of missing data and the adequate variability. Nurses, when reading and analyzing such data, must also be able to examine the frequencies used by medical researchers. They should be able to identify the missing data and the validity of the values presented in the studies. The second step in statistical analysis is describing the sample .Here, the researcher employs descriptive statistics with a postpone that displays the samples characteristics are presented. For example, the medical researcher uses a graph, a chart or a table to present the sociodemographic characteristics (e. g. age, weight, height and gender) of the sample patients. Such description enables not only the medical professionals but also the common people to understand the sample population involved in the study. Moreover, in describing the statistical analysis, the key dependent and independent variables are given ample presentation.Nurses must be able to categorise which variables are independent and which are dependent. The last step in statistical analysis of health data is to be able to identify the list of inferential statistics that will be used to test the hypotheses. Application of inferential statistics depends on the research design, size of the sample and the distribution of variables (normal vs. non-normal), scale measurement of the variables (ratio, nominal, interval, ordinal) in the supposal and the type of comparison that needs to be made.It is also important to note that for small sample population and for variables which are not normally distributed, nonparametric statistics are used while for large sample population and for normally distributed variables, parametric statistics are utilized (Polit, 1996). In order to not to be deceived by the validity of the hypothesis presented by medical professionals, nurses must be knowledgeable on the application of statistics and its variation. Generally, nurses of todays generation must be well statistically equipped.They should be able to distinguish which studies are relevant on their field of practice and on the nature of their workplace or community. Not all nurses are working with advanced health facilities thus they should be able to manually learn the basic principles of statistics which will be helpful on every part of their duty from giving medicine to their patient to reporting the results of treatment, generating research studies, predicting and controlling diseases and applying the fundamental results of valid health studies.Without knowledge in statistics, nurses would lead to give enough care and treatment needed by the patient. Moreover, without knowledge in statistics, nurses, who works directly and personally with their patients, would fail to understand the different conditions being experienced by the patients. With the aid of statistics, nurses would be able to contribute to the growing number of medical researches particularly those which relate to the vocation of nursing.